Operating under CRs has sometimes resulted in administrative inefficiencies and limited management options in areas such as hiring and travel for the agencies. For instance, Congress has enacted continuing resolutions (CRs) in all but 3 of the last 48 years (as of FY 2024) to allow agencies to continue operations until final appropriations decisions are made. However, agencies also face disruptions and ongoing uncertainty in the federal appropriations process. Agencies have managed their funds in various ways to do so, such as carrying over funds from the prior year for use in the current year, and using intragovernmental revolving funds to pay for activities (i.e., payroll) within or among federal agencies. Given the relative decline in resources for discretionary spending, careful management of agency budgets is vital to ensuring that agencies can continue to effectively achieve their missions and deliver services to the public. It is part of current outlays (spending) by the government and appears as an outlay in the budget. Note: Net interest is primarily interest paid on debt held by the public. As a result, mandatory spending has further increased compared to discretionary spending, continuing a trend that has been in place for several decades and is projected to continue. Of the trillions of federal dollars spent on pandemic recovery, the majority has taken the form of mandatory spending. In FYs 20, the federal government responded in an unprecedented manner to address the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting severe economic repercussions. Supports agency programs and operations, such as most spending on defense, education, housing, and energy Supports programs such as Medicare, Social Security, and various veterans’ programs Informed by agency budget estimates and congressional priorities Generally driven by eligibility rules and benefit formulas This can take the form of mandatory or discretionary budget authority. Congress passes laws that authorize agencies to spend federal dollars for certain purposes.
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